Capsule Collection (Secondary Research)

After done with DPH Costume, the next assignment is Capsule Collection.

The Capsule Collection's idea came from the 2 museum that we visit before. I get an idea from the second museum (Asia Civilization Museum). I inspired by the chest, which have made in Japan around 1600 or 16 Century. After consultation with my teacher, I finally get an idea, A famous Era in Japan called Edo Period.

(This photo taken by my self)

This chest has a shape of Europen form. Decorated by traditional Japanese lacquer

(famous layering technique). Resin of the lacquer tree was mixed with gold and silver dust, and coloured pigments. Many layer of this lacquer were painted into a wooden base to form a durable and lustrous coating.

(https://www.google.com.sg/search?biw=1280&bih=650&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=edo+period&oq=edo+period&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0l4.3199232.3213326.0.3213504.10.10.0.0.0.0.67.590.10.10.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.10.584...0i67k1.xeQT0UdLLNQ#imgrc=XJyzRM3SfPlf8M:)

Edo Period or Tokugawa period was one of important era in Japan between 1603 - 1863. This period was the last period of traditional Japan. It was rule by Tokugawa Shogunate, that's make this era also popular with name Tokugawa period. The glory of Japan also begin in this perion which known by development in various aspects such as Economic growth, no more war, stable population, and appeared a popular art and culture.

SAMURAI

The Warriors (Samurai were educating them self not only in Martial art, but also in literature, philosophy and the arts (tea ceremony).

The most important philosophy of Tokugara japan was Neo- Confucianism. Strssing the importance of mortals, education and hierarcal order in the goverment and society. A strict four class system existed during the Edo Period, at the top of th social hierarchy stood the samurai, followed by the peasent artist and merchant.

( https://www.google.com.sg/search?dcr=0&biw=1280&bih=652&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=samurai+in+edo+period&oq=samurai+in+edo+per&gs_l=psy-ab.1.0.0i24k1.2067085.2073695.0.2076379.18.18.0.0.0.0.74.946.18.18.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.18.938...0j0i67k1.PMBdBdZBiIQ#imgrc=cxfYU85qpwfDKM:)

( Samurai Photo - akasugi Shinsaku Late Edo period Kendo practitioner)

There were 2 famous art during that time:

- Kabuki

- Ukiyo-e and Bunjinga

These were 2 arts was very popular especialy among the town people.

UKIYO-E

Ukiyo-e (Pictures of the floating World). Woodblock prints were more commonly used in the early 18th Century, but it already used in end of 17th Century in Japan. Ki (floating), yo (world), and e (pictures). Originally, ukiyo was a Buddhist scripture to express the impermanence of human life. Later it become primariy an easier method of reproducing writte texts.

(https://www.google.com.sg/search?dcr=0&biw=1280&bih=652&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=+edo+period&oq=+edo+period&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0i67k1l2j0l2.651091.652295.0.652679.10.9.0.0.0.0.101.643.8j1.9.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..2.7.536...0i30k1j0i8i30k1j0i13k1j0i7i30k1j0i8i7i30k1.WER7yKU5tO8#imgrc=ZInyGgM29ptiPM:)

(Under the Wave off Kanagawa (Kanagawa oki nami ura)

The famous designer and painter named Tawaraya Sotatsu used wood stamps to print design on paper and silk.

At the beginning Ukiyo-e was ascroll and hand- painted screen. The idea of it usually come from famous romantic scene, beautiful view, dramatic historical events, popular Geisha, sumo wresters, and kabuki actors from the world of entertainment.

During that time there also some great print master such as Suzuki Harunobu (1725–1770) and Utagawa Hiroshige (1797–1858). The great print master also needs a collaboration of experts such as the designer, the engraver, the printer, and the publisher.

(https://www.google.com.sg/search?biw=1280&bih=650&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=ukiyo-e+prints&oq=ukiyo-e+&gs_l=psy-ab.3.1.0l4.708709.709244.0.712394.3.3.0.0.0.0.60.163.3.3.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.3.161...0i67k1.Z2V2uTzsLPE#imgrc=xjQh4Lr3QqcehM:)

( Utagawa Toyokuni I (1769-1825) - Woman in Rain with Umbrella )

At the first time the woodblock print image is designed on the paper, the transferred to a thin transparent paper. After following the lines on the paper, then pasted to a wooden block (cherry wood). The ink is applied to the surface of the woodblock.

(https://www.google.com.sg/search?dcr=0&biw=1248&bih=658&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=kZSPWo7aGcPS0ASz3oq4BQ&q=tsuchiya+Koitsu+No+Series+Akashi+Bay+Inland+Sea&oq=tsuchiya+Koitsu+No+Series+Akashi+Bay+Inland+Sea&gs_l=psy-ab.3...1885027.1886311.0.1887183.3.3.0.0.0.0.94.181.2.3.0....0...1c.2.64.psy-ab..0.1.93.0..0.86.6pEk_LszNng#imgrc=CSveL1Ag89R18M:)

(Tsuchiya Koitsu No Series Akashi Bay Inland Sea)

Polychrome prints were made using a separate carved block for each color, which could number up to twenty. To print with precision, using numerous blocks on a single paper sheet (use Mulberry tress), because it was strong to absorbent to take up the ink and pigments.

(https://www.google.com.sg/search?dcr=0&biw=1248&bih=658&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=8ZuPWsK0OYL78gXKs6kY&q=Woman+colored+woodblock+prints+-+Utagawa+Kunisada+Edo+period+1615&oq=Woman+colored+woodblock+prints+-+Utagawa+Kunisada+Edo+period+1615&gs_l=psy-ab.3...4940.15299.0.16475.10.9.0.0.0.0.122.568.4j2.7.0....0...1c.2.64.psy-ab..5.3.283.0..0j0i19k1j0i10i19k1.82.4tez5zOHnjw#imgrc=OtKrni17sQ4MOM:)

(Woman colored woodblock prints - Utagawa Kunisada Edo period 1615)

KABUKI

(https://www.google.com.sg/search?q=kabuki+edo+period&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSxfWkwtPVAhUMRY8KHfs-AgcQ_AUICigB&biw=1280&bih=650#imgrc=yQHDpP3OFB3idM:)

(Kabuki theater morita za in its early days edo period 1745)

Kabuki is classical Japanese dance- drama. It's known for the elaborate make-up worn by the performers. The meaning of Kabuki is "the art of singing and dancing". The highly-stylized movements serve to convey meaning to the audience. Int's important an old-fashioned form of Japanese is typically used, even though some Japanese people difficult to understand it. usually the theme of this theater are based on historical events, warm hearted dramas, moral conflicts, love stories, tales of tragedy of conspiracy, or other well-known stories.

( https://www.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fasiantheatre.wikispaces.com%2Ffile%2Fview%2F1980_3086_442.jpg%2F101513069%2F1980_3086_442.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fasiantheatre.wikispaces.com%2Fkabuki%2Bhistory%2Bduring%2Bthe%2Bgolden%2Bage%2Bby%2Bj.d.%2Bbrandon&docid=mDaDIMgyQ_iR3M&tbnid=xulQ-F82K-LjxM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwiFvMzP29rVAhVKqY8KHdDnCDAQMwg2KBMwEw..i&w=542&h=368&bih=650&biw=1280&q=kabuki%20edo%20period&ved=0ahUKEwiFvMzP29rVAhVKqY8KHdDnCDAQMwg2KBMwEw&iact=mrc&uact=8#h=368&imgdii=JBxTFEOBdjNDuM:&vet=10ahUKEwiFvMzP29rVAhVKqY8KHdDnCDAQMwg2KBMwEw..i&w=542)

( Okumura masanobu 奥村政信 1686 1764 kabuki theater )

It involves elaborately designed costumes, eye-catching make-up, outlandish wigs, and arguably most importantly, the exaggerated actions performed by the actors. This is especially important since an old-fashioned form of Japanese is typically used, which is difficult even for Japanese people to fully understand.

The Special thing from this theater is a footbridge (Hanamichi) that leads through the audience, allowing for a dramatic entrance or exit. Ambiance is aided with live music performed using traditional instruments. These elements combine to produce a visually stunning and captivating performance.

(https://www.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fa%2Fa9%2FShibai_Ukie_by_Masanobu_Okumura.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKabuki&docid=aGVkplutjxnZdM&tbnid=ts1jxRMrF2DQQM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwiFvMzP29rVAhVKqY8KHdDnCDAQMwgmKAMwAw..i&w=987&h=679&bih=650&biw=1280&q=kabuki%20edo%20period&ved=0ahUKEwiFvMzP29rVAhVKqY8KHdDnCDAQMwgmKAMwAw&iact=mrc&uact=8)

( The illustration of Kabuki Theater)

Plots are usually based on historical events, warm-hearted dramas, moral conflicts, love stories, tales of tragedy of conspiracy, or other well-known stories. A unique feature of a kabuki performance is that what is on show is often only part of an entire story.

Kabuki actors wore thick makeup designed to express the characters they represented. Red stripes around cheeks and eyes signified power and youth, and indigo blue signified a negative attribute.

(https://www.google.com.sg/search?q=Illustrations+of+kabuki+actors+Freer+Gallery+of+Art+Study+Collection+Tokugawa+Period+Art&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiB2eSjuZrWAhUCUI8KHXhyATUQ_AUICigB&biw=1280&bih=652#imgrc=BDHMJ8hgCEsJPM:)

( Illustrations of kabuki actors Freer Gallery of Art Study Collection Tokugawa Period Art)

Other popular thing in this period was Geisha. It was appeared in the Edo period.

GEISHA

Geisha found in Saburuko, late 17 century. They are Japanese women who were forced by economic condition any social displacement.

(https://www.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fmedia%2F2%2F20090730-Eizan%2520sakura.gif&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fjapan%2Fcat16%2Fsub107%2Fitem502.html&docid=YJ-Hyw5tn193ZM&tbnid=aLwFe2lLXodbCM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwisicD9rtbVAhUDqo8KHbIQDE8QMwhyKAAwAA..i&w=276&h=415&bih=650&biw=1280&q=geisha%20in%20edo%20period&ved=0ahUKEwisicD9rtbVAhUDqo8KHbIQDE8QMwhyKAAwAA&iact=mrc&uact=8#h=415&imgdii=5NS0-MWvdDzgvM:&vet=10ahUKEwisicD9rtbVAhUDqo8KHbIQDE8QMwhyKAAwAA..i&w=276)

( Illustration of geisha by Shiratsuyu)

The first official geisha were licensed in Kyoto in 1813, just fifty-five years before the Meiji Restoration, which ended the Tokugawa Shogunate and signaled the rapid modernization of Japan. Geisha did not disappear when the shogunate fell, despite the dissolution of the samurai class.

In Japan, Geisha are entertainers, which trained in art, music and dancing. For girls, become a Geisha is an honor. The full- fledged Geisha called GEIKO. A girl who begins her training before she is 21 years old, she called MAIKO or child dancer, and she would enjoy much more prestige.

Daughters of geisha usually became geisha themselves, and would most likely be the successor to the geisha house. The youngest or the newest to the house was called Shikomi. She would be put to work as maids and have to do everything the older told.

After finish the Shikomi and become professional in dance exam. They will move to second step Minarai. In this stage they can follow senior to events and mainly observes of purs tea. Minarai also call as a intern Geisha.

( https://id.pinterest.com/pin/88453580152541361/)

( Trio of women playing the shaminen,kokyu andkoto Katsushika oui -Third daughter of Katsushika Hokusai)

The senior or usually call the older sister will teaches the Maiko how to be a true geisha, tea ceremony, flower arrangement, calligraphy, playing the shamisan (a three string instrument), dancing, conversation. She will help her pick a new professional name.

The Maiko must learn how do the perfect way of doing her hair and makeup. A thick white foundation is applied to the face, neck and chest. A line is left around the hairline to create a ‘mask’ look. And a 'W' like shape is left at the back of the neck. Black is then traced around the eyes and eyebrows, a maiko also traditionally wears red around the eyes too.

(https://id.pinterest.com/pin/516858494704614708/)

( Dancer with a Maple Branch: Katsukawa Shunshô (Edo period, 1780-1790 )

There are two types of geisha, a tachikata, who mainly dances and a jikata who mainly sings and plays instruments. The former are usually the younger girls and the latter older more established geisha.

GEISHA’S COSTUME

Geisha always wear Kimono, the apprentice geisha wear highly colourful kimono with fantastic OBI. Maiko wear the obi, which tied in style called DARARI. Older geisha wear more subdued patterns and styles.

The color, pattern, and style of kimono is also dependent on the season and the event the geisha is attending. In winter, Geisha usually wear a three-quarter-length haori lined with hand painted silk over their kimono. One Kimono usually take 2 until 3 years to complete the painting and embroidering.

( https://www.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fleolaksi.files.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F04%2Fkyotomaikothreeback.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fleolaksi.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F04%2F14%2Fmaiko-in-kyoto-geisha-in-training%2F&docid=-2oFE1K8yzRm8M&tbnid=nqn8koo6ufZQ9M%3A&vet=10ahUKEwiJ7POS8dbVAhUjSI8KHUKGCUEQMwgjKAAwAA..i&w=1024&h=682&bih=650&biw=1280&q=obi%20geisha&ved=0ahUKEwiJ7POS8dbVAhUjSI8KHUKGCUEQMwgjKAAwAA&iact=mrc&uact=8)

( A Picture of OBI)

Geiko wear red or pink nagajuban. A maiko wears red with white printed patterns. The junior maiko's collar is predominantly red with white, silver, or gold embroidery. Two to three years into her apprenticeship, the red collar will be entirely embroidered in white, which viewed from to show her seniority. Around age 20, her collar will turn from red to white.

Geisha wear a flat-soled sandal, zori, outdoors, and wear only tabi (white split-toed socks) indoors. In inclement weather, geisha wear raised wooden clogs, called geta. Maiko wear a special wooden clog known as okobo.

( https://id.pinterest.com/pin/52284045643799799/)

(Illustration of Geisha)

I also did more research about Kimono. It also one of major costume during Edo Period.

KIMONO

Tokugawa warrior clan ruled over Japan. The country was divided into feudal domains ruled by Lords. The Samurai wore identified costume which known by the colours and pattern. It does consist of 3 parts, a sleeveless garment known as a Kamishimo, a hakama, a trouser-like split skirt. The Kamishimo was made of linen, and stiff at the shoulder part, to make it stand out.

During the late Edo period, the motif of Kimono began to decline, as inspiration in their design seemed to be lacking, and older designs were just repeated. Yuzen was the person who made the design of kimono more complex, leading to more realistic pictorial designs.

( https://www.google.com.sg/search?q=Edo+period+kimono+(kosode)&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirss2VwJrWAhVJOI8KHe2tAHwQ_AUICigB&biw=1280&bih=652#imgrc=sRCrcVvCEIxQLM:)

(Edo period kimono kosode )

Obi also became more important during this period. It’s a band, which wore around the waist. Before the middle 17th Century obi was a narrow band of cloth. It have changed because of Kabuki Actor Uemura Kichiya, when he appeared wearing a wide and long obi tied in a bow although it could also have come about for other reasons.

(https://id.pinterest.com/pin/63120832247796270/)

( Uchikake (Wedding kimono), Edo Period)

At the tie the government realized the growing power of the merchant class, and sumptuary laws to regulate expenditure on the extravagantly produced kosode.

Controls on what clothes were appropriate for particular ranks and classes of people.
Peasants could not wear silk (even thought they could afford to buy it).
If a child is born to a couple only the grandparents can give the child a dress made of cotton.
The light summer kimono could only be worn between May 15 and August 31. A lined garment was worn between April 1and May 15. A padded garment was worn between September 9 and March 31.

The retired Emperor wore a robe of liquorice yellow or silk dyed with a mixture of wood nut, called tsurubami.
Ministers of state wore garments of tea color with simple patterns.
Lords and nobles of the court word clothes of compound colors. Officials from the fourth rank up wore tea-colored clothes; fifth rank officials wore an undergarment of red, sixth rank officials deep green, seventh rank deep blue, and the lowest rank light blue.

Edo Period also popularized a Tea Ceremony.

TEA CEREMONY

Hot water for tea is the Japanese word for tea ceremony (Chanoyu). It’s a ritual of the way of drink a tea. Matcha or green tea is the type of tea that can be use. To become a master in tea ceremony, people need to learn and study about it many years.

(https://www.google.com.sg/search?q=edo+period+painting&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU45qhlbvZAhVGn5QKHYk8DzcQ_AUICigB&biw=1248&bih=658#imgrc=njL00Qwvuo7dQM:)

( Illustration of Japanese Tea Ceremony)

Rikyu was a name, given to the tea master who served important persons. A tea master needs to be able to properly determine the utensils for tea ceremony. Rikyu not only stood out among the tea masters, he also had the ability to create new forms of beauty.

The setting of the tearoom usually only enough for accommodate four or five people modeled on a hermit’s hut, and often surrounded by a garden. The guests are expected to abide by tearoom etiquette with regard to the gestures used to drink the tea and the appreciation of the utensils, such as ceramic.

The master of tea ceremony Sen no Rikyu start to incorporate rustic ceramic vessels from Korea and Japan. He found beauty in unrefined, natural, or imperfect forms, which it becomes a luxury object as the ancient Chinese treasures. This aesthetic that celebrates austerity, spontaneity and

(https://www.google.com.sg/search?dcr=0&biw=1248&bih=658&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=BJSPWsDUHsfG0ATgkpzYAQ&q=edo+period+utensil&oq=edo+period+utensil&gs_l=psy-ab.3...39477.40840.0.41336.8.8.0.0.0.0.104.664.7j1.8.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.2.194...0i19k1j0i8i30i19k1.0.CJZWS1-N0Og#imgrc=BQxBxS4drC3H-M:)

( Water Jar with Pine Trees)

![endif]--The different clay in each location resulted in specific colors and textures when the piece was fired. Shigaraki ware, for example, is characterized by a fiery orange color and a speckled, bumpy surface caused by the feldspar in the clay. Bizen ware, on the other hand, is known for its deep reddish to blackish brown color.

(https://www.google.com.sg/search?q=edo+period+painting&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU45qhlbvZAhVGn5QKHYk8DzcQ_AUICigB&biw=1248&bih=658#imgrc=wTqxJyTyWBkN9M:)

( Girls in Tea Ceremony)

(https://www.jref.com/articles/japanese-tea-ceremony.134/)

( Tea Untensils)

During this research, I was found a interesting painting which made in this period. I decided to did a little more research about famous painter with their painting.

JAPANESE PAINTING AND ARTIST

Japanese painting was a very rich history. This tradition can influenced the dominant styles and techniques of Japanese artists, because during that time Japan was quite isolated for centuries. It had shown by the painting such as Nihonga painting. It’s the one of the main products of the Japanese painting practice based on traditions over a thousand years old.

However Japanese art and painting, also were influenced by foreign artistic practices. First, it was Chinese art in the 16th Century and Chinese painting and Chinese arts tradition. As of the 17th Century, Japanese painting was also influenced by Western traditions.

The first technique of painting was Buddhist art and painting technique and religious painting. The characteristic of Japanese painting also can be recognizable from the painting of animals and plants, especially birds and flowers is something that is usually related to Japanese compositions, but also landscape and scenes from every day life.

One of famous techniques is sumi-e, means “ink picture”. It combines calligraphy and ink painting to produce brush-painting compositions of rare beauty. This beauty is paradoxical-ancient but modern, simple but complex,

Here some Famous Artist in Edo Period:

1. SUZUKI HARUNOBU (1725- 1770)

(Beauty at the Toothpick Shop, by Suzuki Harunobu, Edo period, 18th)

Harunobu introduced the convention of creating vibrant, full colored prints that looks so real. The most often idea of Harunobo came from beautiful and well coiffed women dresses in the daily life in Edo. Harunobu also defined women by their thin bosied that embody an eternal girlishness. ![endif]--

2. KITAGAWA UTAMARO (1753-1806)

(https://www.google.com.sg/search?q=utamaro+edo&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_xZ_s8eLVAhUIR48KHV2qALcQ_AUICigB&biw=1273&bih=650#imgrc=mHKAKm4cFu1hqM:)

(Kitagawa Utamaro- Geisha palying the samisen from the series Edo period)

Utamaro was successful as a woodblock print artist at the time. He also best had known for his bijin ōkubi-e "large-headed pictures of beautiful women" of the 1790s. He became more popular when his works spread to Europe in the middle of the 19th Century. ![endif]--

3. KATSUSHIKA HOKUSAI (1760- 1849)

During his career, Hokusai had left an indelible mark on art of both the East and West. He best known as the painter of the woodblock print series of 36 views of Mount Fuji, which also recognized by international. The most famous painting of him was the Great Wave print and Fuji in Clear Weather.

(The Great Wave off Kanagawa, Katsushika Hokusai)

(https://www.google.com.sg/search?q=hokusai+edo&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGj9LC8-LVAhVHK48KHfbZBcwQ_AUICigB&biw=1273&bih=650#imgrc=-7DsIB-mu56yqM:)

4. UTAGAWA KUNISADA (1786-1865)

Kunisada was one of the most influential designers of woodblock prints at the Edo period in Japan. He was extremely productive. The total of his creation is estimated at more than 20,000. Also known as the young artist produced his first illustrated book. Kunisada was successful from beginning.

(Woodblock by Utagawa Kunisada)

(https://www.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fpccdn.perfectchannel.com%2Fchristies%2Flive%2Fimages%2Fitem%2FJapaneseIconicPrints%2F5890189%2Foriginal%2FCSK_10430_0115.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fonlineonly.christies.com%2Fs%2Ficonic-prints-japanese-masters%2Futagawa-kunisada-i-toyokuni-iii-1786-1864-utagawa-hiroshige-i-1797-115%2F15709&docid=_dP1ax4zvYiqAM&tbnid=zaZH_q5TlKmxoM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjRjNLKzOPVAhVIvY8KHaniCj0QMwg1KAMwAw..i&w=3200&h=1564&bih=650&biw=1280&q=Utagawa%20Kunisada&ved=0ahUKEwjRjNLKzOPVAhVIvY8KHaniCj0QMwg1KAMwAw&iact=mrc&uact=8#h=1564&imgdii=I9VTC5cjWR-_4M:&vet=10ahUKEwjRjNLKzOPVAhVIvY8KHaniCj0QMwg1KAMwAw..i&w=3200)

Kusisada designed a wide spectrum of traditional ukiyo-e subject such as kabuki themes, beautiful women, historical event and quite a few shunga prints. Particularly known for his illustrations of the Tale of Genji and his kabuki triptychs.

![endif]--![endif]--

5. UTAGAWA HIROSHIGE (1797- 1858)

Hiroshige had known as the best of Ukiyo-e artist in the West. He was born into a samurai family whose duty was to protect the royal residence, Edo Castle, from fire. Hiroshige along with Hokusai transformed ukiyo-e into a medium for depicting landscapes and scenes of everyday life.

(Utagawa Hiroshige’s painting)

(https://www.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japaneseprints-london.com%2Fukiyoe%2Fimages%2Flandscapes174.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japaneseprints-london.com%2Ftag%2Futagawa-hiroshige%2F&docid=4IdWWkXy_ioMBM&tbnid=bdQwoNxLJuum1M%3A&vet=10ahUKEwiLvbT30OPVAhVKtI8KHSiLAzYQMwhHKA8wDw..i&w=1500&h=1109&bih=650&biw=1280&q=UTAGAWA%20HIROSHIGE&ved=0ahUKEwiLvbT30OPVAhVKtI8KHSiLAzYQMwhHKA8wDw&iact=mrc&uact=8#h=1109&imgdii=bdQwoNxLJuum1M:&vet=10ahUKEwiLvbT30OPVAhVKtI8KHSiLAzYQMwhHKA8wDw..i&w=1500)

Source:

![endif]--

http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2090.html

http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/02/07/arts/openings-in-tokyo/kabuki-theaters-during-the-edo-period/#.WY_p_YppxsM

http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2090.html

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/art-japan/edo-period/a/an-introduction-to-kabuki-theater

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ukiy/hd_ukiy.htm

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/art-japan/edo-period/a/the-evolution-of-ukiyo-e-and-woodblock-prints

http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2291.html

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Geisha

http://www.historyundressed.com/2008/08/history-and-culture-of-japanese-geisha.html

https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-geisha-195558